Green Energy for a Developed India @2047: A Sustainable Roadmap for the Future

Abstract

India’s transition towards a sustainable, low-carbon future has emerged as a central pillar of its developmental roadmap for a Developed India @2047. Drawing on insights from Government of India policy documents, international agencies such as the IEA, IRENA, UNEP, IPCC, and significant academic works published by Springer, Oxford University Press, TERI, and Routledge, this study examines the evolution, opportunities, and challenges of India’s green energy transformation. The trajectory of renewable energy expansion—anchored by the National Solar Mission, National Green Hydrogen Mission, PM-KUSUM, FAME-II, biofuel initiatives, and wind–solar hybrid policies—reveals a steady shift from fossil-fuel dependence to diversified clean energy systems. Literature indicates that India’s solar and wind sectors have become globally competitive, supported by declining costs, strong institutional frameworks, and technological innovation.

At the same time, reports from NITI Aayog, RBI, and the Ministry of Power highlight persistent barriers, including grid limitations, financing constraints, storage challenges, and regional disparities in deployment. The reviewed works consistently emphasise the role of green hydrogen, decentralised systems, EV adoption, and sustainable finance as future growth drivers. International analyses, especially from the IEA and the World Bank, project that India will lead global energy demand growth while also having one of the world’s highest renewable energy potentials.

Overall, the literature underscores that India’s green energy transition is not only an environmental necessity but also a strategic pathway to economic competitiveness, energy security, and social inclusion. Achieving the India @2047 vision will require policy coherence, technological innovation, and strong community participation.

Keywords: Green Energy; Renewable Energy Transition; India @2047; Energy Security; Green Hydrogen; Sustainable Development; Climate Resilience.