India’s National Legal Regime for E-Waste Management: Current Framework and Future Directions

Abstract

   India is one of the largest producers of e-waste globally, generating over 4137 million kg annually, followed by China and United States of America. The country's rapid technological advancements, increasing digital consumption, and the short lifespan of electronic products have led to a growing e-waste crisis. In response, India has introduced a legal framework to manage e-waste, primarily through the E-waste (Management) Rules, first enacted in 2011 and revised in 2016, 2018, and 2022. These rules focus on extended producer responsibility (EPR), recycling, and environmentally sound disposal practices. However, despite this regulatory effort, several challenges remain, including the dominance of the informal recycling sector, inadequate infrastructure, low public awareness, and weak enforcement mechanisms. This paper critically examines India's current e-waste management regime, highlights the challenges faced in its implementation, and explores future directions for a more sustainable and efficient e-waste management system. Addressing these challenges will be essential for mitigating the environmental and health risks associated with electronic waste.

Keywords: E-Waste, Environment, Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), Recycling, Circular Economy.