Equity and Inclusion in Higher Education: A Special Reference to India

Abstract

Equity and inclusion in higher education are crucial for fostering a just and egalitarian society, ensuring that all individuals, regardless of socio-economic background, caste, gender, or disability, have equitable access to academic opportunities. In the Indian context, deep-rooted historical disparities and structural inequalities continue to shape higher education accessibility, often limiting the participation of marginalized communities. Present article explores the theoretical foundations of equity and inclusion, drawing on frameworks such as Bourdieu’s cultural capital theory and Sen’s capability approach to examine systemic barriers. It critically analyzes the socio-economic, caste-based, gendered, and regional challenges impeding inclusive education and assesses the effectiveness of governmental and institutional interventions, including affirmative action policies, financial aid programs, and infrastructural reforms. Finally, the article presents strategic recommendations to bridge existing gaps and create a more inclusive higher education landscape that truly represents India’s diverse demographic composition, fostering equitable academic success and social mobility.

Key Words: Equity – Inclusion - Higher Education - Affirmative Action - Marginalized Communities - National Education Policy (NEP).