Long-Term Effects of Repeated Blood Doping on Cardiovascular Health

Abstract

Blood doping, a prohibited method used to enhance athletic performance, involves artificially increasing red blood cell concentration to improve oxygen delivery to tissues. While the acute performance benefits of blood doping are well documented, its long-term impact on cardiovascular health remains underexplored. This research paper examines the physiological and clinical consequences of repeated blood doping, with a focus on cardiovascular risks such as elevated blood viscosity, hypertension, thrombosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and arrhythmias. Through a synthesis of scientific studies, case reports, and anti-doping agency data, the study highlights the mechanisms by which repeated erythropoietic stimulation—via erythropoietin (EPO) administration or blood transfusions—induces chronic cardiovascular strain. Evidence indicates that sustained exposure to elevated haematocrit levels increases systemic vascular resistance and cardiac workload, potentially leading to irreversible structural changes in the heart and vascular system. Observational studies of athletes with a history of doping reveal higher incidences of cardiovascular complications compared to controls, reinforcing the risks associated with repeated blood manipulation. The paper also evaluates the role of detection tools such as the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) in monitoring haematological changes and mitigating long-term harm. Findings underscore the necessity for continued research, enhanced athlete education, and medical monitoring to prevent chronic cardiovascular consequences. By elucidating the interplay between repeated blood doping and cardiovascular health, this study contributes to the broader understanding of athlete safety, ethical practices in sport, and evidence-based anti-doping policy development.

Keywords: Blood doping, Repeated erythropoietic stimulation, Cardiovascular health, Haematocrit, Blood viscosity, Hypertension, Thrombosis, Cardiac hypertrophy etc.